### Polarized specular reflectometry with non-perfect polarizer and analyzer

In this example, we show how to perform a specular reflectometry simulation with polarized neutrons and both a non-perfect polarizer as well as analyzer. The example is inspired by and performed with parameters close to the ones in the paper by Devishvili et al.. This example is a saturated iron film on top of a MgO substrate. On top of the iron layer is a thin Pd cap layer.

We don’t explain the whole script in detail here, it combines all concepts that were introduced before in the polarized reflectometry section. Instrument resolution is simulated as explained in the ToF - Resolution effects example. Furthermore, a constant background is added:

simulation.setBackground( ba.ConstantBackground( 1e-7 ) )

For a more detailed explanation we refer to the example on adding a constant background.

The values for the efficiency of the polarizer and analyzer are taken from the above mentioned paper by Devishvili et al.:

polarizer_efficiency = 0.986
analyzer_efficiency  = 0.970

These values are used to initialize the polarizer and analyzer:

simulation.setBeamPolarization(polarization * polarizer_efficiency)
simulation.setAnalyzerProperties(analyzer, analyzer_efficiency, 0.5)

This setup is then utilized to simulate the four reflectivity channels

results_pp = run_simulation(polarization = ba.kvector_t(0, 1, 0),
analyzer     = ba.kvector_t(0, 1, 0),
polarizer_efficiency = polarizer_efficiency,
analyzer_efficiency  = analyzer_efficiency )
results_mm = run_simulation(polarization = ba.kvector_t(0, -1, 0),
analyzer     = ba.kvector_t(0, -1, 0),
polarizer_efficiency = polarizer_efficiency,
analyzer_efficiency  = analyzer_efficiency )

results_pm = run_simulation(polarization = ba.kvector_t(0,  1, 0),
analyzer     = ba.kvector_t(0, -1, 0),
polarizer_efficiency = polarizer_efficiency,
analyzer_efficiency  = analyzer_efficiency )
results_mp = run_simulation(polarization = ba.kvector_t(0, -1, 0),
analyzer     = ba.kvector_t(0,  1, 0),
polarizer_efficiency = polarizer_efficiency,
analyzer_efficiency  = analyzer_efficiency )

The computed reflectivity looks like this:

Due to the different values for the polarizer and analyzer efficiency, we obtain different reflectivity curves for the two spin-flip channels. As one can verify, these results are in good agreement with the measurement as well as the simulations presented by Devishvili et al.

Here is the complete example:

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125  #!/usr/bin/env python3 """ An example that shows how to simulate a non-perfect polarizer and analyzer following Devishvili et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 025112 (2013) """ import numpy import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import bornagain as ba from bornagain import angstrom, ba_plot as bp, deg sldFe = (8.0241e-06, 6.0448e-10) sldPd = (4.0099e-6, 1.3019e-09) sldMgO = (5.9803e-06, 9.3996e-12) magnetizationMagnitude = 1.6e6 angle = 0 magnetizationVector = ba.R3(magnetizationMagnitude*numpy.sin(angle*deg), magnetizationMagnitude*numpy.cos(angle*deg), 0) def get_sample(*, magnetization=magnetizationVector): """ Define sample and returns it """ # create materials mat_vacuum = ba.MaterialBySLD("Vacuum", 0, 0) mat_Pd = ba.MaterialBySLD("Pd", *sldPd) mat_Fe = ba.MaterialBySLD("Fe", *sldFe, magnetizationVector) mat_substrate = ba.MaterialBySLD("MgO", *sldMgO) # create layers layer_vacuum = ba.Layer(mat_vacuum) layer_Pd = ba.Layer(mat_Pd, 120*angstrom) layer_Fe = ba.Layer(mat_Fe, 1000*angstrom) layer_substrate = ba.Layer(mat_substrate) roughness = ba.LayerRoughness(20*angstrom) # create sample sample = ba.MultiLayer() sample.addLayer(layer_vacuum) sample.addLayerWithTopRoughness(layer_Pd, roughness) sample.addLayerWithTopRoughness(layer_Fe, roughness) sample.addLayerWithTopRoughness(layer_substrate, roughness) return sample def run_simulation(*, polarizer_dir=ba.R3(0, 1, 0), polarizer_efficiency=1, analyzer_dir=ba.R3(0, 1, 0), analyzer_efficiency=1): """ Runs simulation and returns its result. """ sample = get_sample() qzs = numpy.linspace(0.1, 1.5, 1500) distr = ba.DistributionGaussian(0., 1., 25, 4.) scan = ba.QzScan(qzs) scan.setAbsoluteQResolution(distr, 0.008) scan.setPolarization(polarizer_dir*polarizer_efficiency) scan.setAnalyzer(analyzer_dir, analyzer_efficiency, 0.5) simulation = ba.SpecularSimulation(scan, sample) simulation.setBackground(ba.ConstantBackground(1e-7)) return simulation.simulate() def plot(data, labels): plt.figure() plt.yscale('log') for d, l in zip(data, labels): plt.plot(numpy.array(d.convertedBinCenters(ba.Coords_QSPACE)), d.array(ba.Coords_QSPACE), label=l, linewidth=1) plt.legend(loc='upper right') bp.inside_ticks() plt.xlabel("$Q$ [nm${}^{-1}$]") plt.ylabel("Reflectivity") plt.tight_layout() if __name__ == '__main__': bp.parse_args() polarizer_efficiency = 0.986 analyzer_efficiency = 0.970 results_pp = run_simulation(polarizer_dir=ba.R3(0, 1, 0), analyzer_dir=ba.R3(0, 1, 0), polarizer_efficiency=polarizer_efficiency, analyzer_efficiency=analyzer_efficiency) results_mm = run_simulation(polarizer_dir=ba.R3(0, -1, 0), analyzer_dir=ba.R3(0, -1, 0), polarizer_efficiency=polarizer_efficiency, analyzer_efficiency=analyzer_efficiency) results_pm = run_simulation(polarizer_dir=ba.R3(0, 1, 0), analyzer_dir=ba.R3(0, -1, 0), polarizer_efficiency=polarizer_efficiency, analyzer_efficiency=analyzer_efficiency) results_mp = run_simulation(polarizer_dir=ba.R3(0, -1, 0), analyzer_dir=ba.R3(0, 1, 0), polarizer_efficiency=polarizer_efficiency, analyzer_efficiency=analyzer_efficiency) plot([results_pp, results_mm, results_pm, results_mp], ["$++$", "$--$", "$+-$", "$-+$"]) bp.show_or_export() 
Examples/specular/PolarizedNonperfectAnalyzerPolarizer.py