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Reflectometry: Fit Pt layer

In this example, we want to demonstrate how to fit experimental reflectivity data that was obtained by a time-of-flight experiment with unpolarized neutrons. Experimental data is available for a sample of a roughly 50 nm thick platinum layer on top of a silicon substrate that is published in this repository.

The mesaurements were made by Timothy Charlton, Haile Ambaye and Michael Fitzsimmons (ORNL) on a sample provided by Eric Fullerton (UCSD).

Fit model

We describe the above experiment by a three-layer model, where as usual the top layer is the vacuum and the substrate layer is the silicon substrate. On top of the silicon substrate, we place the platinum layer. The materials of both layers are described by their SLD, where we use literature values for both silicon as well as platinum and keep them constant throughout the fitting procedure.

The main parameters of the sample are stored in dictionary, where they are defined by a unique name and the following six parameters are utilized:

  • Beam intensity: intensity

    We explicitly fit the beam intensity, in order to compensate for possible experimental errors and to circumvent problems with the rather large variance in the reflectivity data at low $Q$-values.

  • Roughness on top of the Pt layer: r_pt/nm

  • Roughness on top of the Si substrate: r_si/nm

  • Thickness of the Pt layer: t_pt/nm

  • The relative $Q$-resolution: q_res/q (c.f.)

  • A $Q$-offset: q_offset

This global offset is introduced to account for uncertainties in the angle at which the measurement is performed.

Due to saturation of the detector it is possible that the intensity at low $Q$-values (i.e. at high count rates) is underestimated. Furthermore, there is a rather large variance in the data that also leads to a rather bad fit in this region. Therefore, we neglect the data in the low $Q$-region by choosing a cutoff at $Q_{\text{min}} = $ 0.18. This value is selected by hand after performing several fits and visually selecting a good result.

$Q$-offset

Currently, BornAgain does not have an API support for an offset of the $Q$-axis. Therefore, we need to shift the $Q$-axis before performing a simulation

q_axis = q_axis + parameters["q_offset"]

This shift then needs to be counter-transformed when returning the results in the qr(result) function

q = numpy.array(result.result().axis(ba.Axes.QSPACE)) - q_offset
Initial parameters

In order to successfully fit this example, we chose some sane starting values and the example code that is fully given below, can be run with the following command:

python3 Pt_layer_fit.py fit

This performs a simulation with the initial parameters and yields the following result:

Reflectivity with the initial parameters before fitting

Immediately afterwards the fit is performed.

Fit result

In order to run the fitting procedure, the following command can be issued:

python3 Pt_layer_fit.py fit

We need to allow a few seconds computational time and BornAgain should compute the following result

Reflectivity with the parameters obtained from our fit

If the fit keyword is omitted from the command line

python3 Pt_layer_fit.py

a simulation is performed with our fit results and one should obtain the result shown above.

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#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Fit example with data by M. Fitzsimmons et al,
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4072376.
Sample is a ~50 nm Pt film on a Si substrate.
Single event data from Spallation Neutron Source
Beamline-4A (MagRef) with 60 Hz pulses and a wavelength
band of roughly 4-7 Å in 100 steps of 2theta.
"""

import os, sys
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import bornagain as ba
from bornagain import ba_plot as bp
from bornagain import angstrom

# filename of the experimental data to be loaded
datadir = os.getenv('BA_DATA_DIR', '')
filename = 'RvsQ_36563_36662.txt.gz'
filepath = os.path.join(datadir, filename)

# restrict the Q-range of the data used for fitting
qmin = 0.18
qmax = 2.4

# number of points on which the computed result is plotted
scan_size = 1500

# Use fixed values for the SLD of the substrate and Pt layer
sldPt = (6.3568e-06, 1.8967e-09)
sldSi = (2.0728e-06, 2.3747e-11)

####################################################################
#                  Create Sample and Simulation                    #
####################################################################


def get_sample(P):

    vacuum = ba.MaterialBySLD("Vacuum", 0, 0)
    material_layer = ba.MaterialBySLD("Pt", *sldPt)
    material_substrate = ba.MaterialBySLD("Si", *sldSi)

    ambient_layer = ba.Layer(vacuum)
    layer = ba.Layer(material_layer, P["t_pt/nm"])
    substrate_layer = ba.Layer(material_substrate)

    r_si = ba.LayerRoughness(P["r_si/nm"])
    r_pt = ba.LayerRoughness(P["r_pt/nm"])

    sample = ba.MultiLayer()
    sample.addLayer(ambient_layer)
    sample.addLayerWithTopRoughness(layer, r_pt)

    sample.addLayerWithTopRoughness(substrate_layer, r_si)

    return sample


def get_simulation(q_axis, parameters):

    sample = get_sample(parameters)

    scan = ba.QzScan(q_axis)
    scan.setOffset(parameters["q_offset"])

    n_sig = 4.0
    n_samples = 25

    distr = ba.DistributionGaussian(0., 1., 25, 4.)
    scan.setAbsoluteQResolution(distr, parameters["q_res/q"])

    simulation = ba.SpecularSimulation(scan, sample)

    return simulation


def run_simulation(q_axis, fitParams):
    parameters = dict(fitParams, **fixedParams)

    simulation = get_simulation(q_axis, parameters)

    return simulation.simulate()


def qr(result):
    """
    Return q and reflectivity arrays from simulation result.
    """
    q = np.array(result.convertedBinCenters(ba.Coords_QSPACE))
    r = np.array(result.array(ba.Coords_QSPACE))

    return q, r


####################################################################
#                         Plot Handling                            #
####################################################################


def plot(q, r, exp, filename, P=None):
    """
    Plot the simulated result together with the experimental data.
    """
    fig = plt.figure()
    ax = fig.add_subplot(111)

    ax.errorbar(exp[0],
                exp[1],
                xerr=exp[3],
                yerr=exp[2],
                label="R",
                fmt='.',
                markersize=1.,
                linewidth=0.6,
                color='r')

    ax.plot(q, r, label="Simulation", color='C0', linewidth=0.5)

    ax.set_yscale('log')

    ax.set_xlabel("Q [nm$^{^-1}$]")
    ax.set_ylabel("R")

    y = 0.5
    if P is not None:
        for n, v in P.items():
            plt.text(0.7, y, f"{n} = {v:.3g}", transform=ax.transAxes)
            y += 0.05

    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.savefig(filename)


####################################################################
#                          Data Handling                           #
####################################################################


def get_Experimental_data(filepath, qmin, qmax):
    """
    Read experimental data, remove duplicate q values, convert q to nm^-1.
    """
    data = np.genfromtxt(filepath, unpack=True)

    r0 = np.where(data[0] - np.roll(data[0], 1) == 0)
    data = np.delete(data, r0, 1)

    data[0] = data[0]/angstrom
    data[3] = data[3]/angstrom

    data[1] = data[1]
    data[2] = data[2]

    so = np.argsort(data[0])

    data = data[:, so]

    minIndex = np.argmin(np.abs(data[0] - qmin))
    maxIndex = np.argmin(np.abs(data[0] - qmax))

    return data[:, minIndex:maxIndex + 1]


####################################################################
#                          Fit Function                            #
####################################################################


def run_fit_ba(q_axis, r_data, r_uncertainty, simulationFactory,
               startParams):

    fit_objective = ba.FitObjective()
    fit_objective.setObjectiveMetric("chi2")

    fit_objective.addSimulationAndData(
        lambda P: simulationFactory(q_axis, P), r_data,
        r_uncertainty, 1)

    fit_objective.initPrint(10)

    P = ba.Parameters()
    for name, p in startParams.items():
        P.add(name, p[0], min=p[1], max=p[2])

    minimizer = ba.Minimizer()
    print("DEBUG 4")
    result = minimizer.minimize(fit_objective.evaluate, P)
    print("DEBUG 5")
    fit_objective.finalize(result)

    return {r.name(): r.value for r in result.parameters()}


####################################################################
#                          Main Function                           #
####################################################################

if __name__ == '__main__':
    if True: # len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1] == "fit":
        fixedParams = {
            # parameters can be moved here to keep them fixed
        }
        fixedParams = {d: v[0] for d, v in fixedParams.items()}

        startParams = {
            # own starting values
            "q_offset": (0, -0.02, 0.02),
            "q_res/q": (0, 0, 0.02),
            "t_pt/nm": (53, 40, 60),
            "r_si/nm": (1.22, 0, 5),
            "r_pt/nm": (0.25, 0, 5),
        }
        fit = True

    else:
        startParams = {}
        fixedParams = {
            # parameters from our own fit run
            'q_offset': 0.015085985992837999,
            'q_res/q': 0.010156450689003465,
            't_pt/nm': 48.564838355355405,
            'r_si/nm': 1.2857515425763575,
            'r_pt/nm': 0.2868252673771518,
        }
        fit = False

    PInitial = {d: v[0] for d, v in startParams.items()}

    qzs = np.linspace(qmin, qmax, scan_size)
    q, r = qr(run_simulation(qzs, PInitial))
    data = get_Experimental_data(filepath, qmin, qmax)

    plot(q, r, data, "PtLayerFit_initial.pdf",
         dict(PInitial, **fixedParams))

    if fit:
        print("Start fit")
        fitResult = run_fit_ba(data[0], data[1], data[2], run_simulation,
                               startParams)

        print("Fit Result:")
        print(fitResult)

        q, r = qr(run_simulation(qzs, fitParams=fitResult))
        plot(q, r, data, "PtLayerFit_fit.pdf",
             dict(fitResult, **fixedParams))

    plt.show()
auto/Examples/fit/specular/Pt_layer_fit.py

Data to be fitted: RvsQ_36563_36662.txt.gz